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Eagle syndrome5/17/2023 The pain in Eagle syndrome often resembles glossopharyngeal neuralgia but is typically more dull and constant, however, cases with sharp intermittent pain along the path of the glossopharyngeal nerve have also been reported. The first considers that the elongated styloid process causes compression of cranial nerves, most commonly the glossopharyngeal nerve, with subsequent throat and neck pain. Alternatively, there is the possibility of compression of the internal carotid artery by the styloid process, which can cause transient ischemic attacks or compression of the sympathetic nerves running along the artery, leading to an array of symptoms. Several possible mechanisms for the pathogenesis of pain in Eagle syndrome have been proposed. However, Eagle syndrome also presents in patients who have never been operated on for tonsillectomy. Previously it was hypothesized that the formation of scar tissue around the styloid apex after tonsillectomy caused compression and straining of the neurovascular structures present in the retro styloid compartment. Patients are usually greater than 30 years of age, and this is usually a bilateral process (although unilateral cases are also seen). Later in a postmortem study of 80 cadavers, the length of the styloid process was found to range from 1.52 to 4.77 cm. An elongated styloid process is incidental in about 4% of the general population, but of these, only about 4% present with symptoms that are attributable to elongation of styloid therefore, the true incidence is about 0.16%, with a female-to-male predominance of 3:1. EpidemiologyĮarly on Eagle reported that the normal styloid process was ~2.5 cm in length, and any process longer than 2.5 cm might be considered abnormally elongated. Results were derived from data from 542 patients employing three-dimensional CT scans. Finally, a retrospective study by Sekerci in 2015 indicated that a relationship exists between the presence of an arcuate foramen and an elongated styloid process. (2008) reported that patients with the end-stage renal disease having abnormal calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism had heterotopic calcification which caused elongation of the styloid process and thus the presentation of Eagle Syndrome. Epifanio in 1962 considered that the ossification of the styloid process was also corresponding to endocrine disorders in women at menopause, who also had ossification of other ligaments in the body. Watt Eagle proposed that surgical trauma (tonsillectomy) or local chronic irritation causes osteitis, periostitis, or tendonitis of the styloid process and the stylohyoid ligaments which resulted in reactive, ossifying hyperplasia. Later Lentini (1975) suggested the hypothesis that persistent mesenchymal elements, also known as Reichert cartilage residues, could undergo osseous metaplasia in the setting of an appropriate traumatic or stressful event. There is debate regarding the etiology of Eagle syndrome. Eagle syndrome is also referred to as a stylohyoid syndrome, styloid syndrome, or styloid–carotid artery syndrome by some authors. It is a rare condition caused by an elongated or disfigured styloid process, which interferes with the functioning of neighboring structures and gives rise to orofacial and cervical pain often triggered by neck movements. Eagle an otolaryngologist at Duke University, who described the first cases in 1937. Explain interprofessional team strategies for enhancing care coordination and communication to advance the evaluation and management of eagle syndrome and improve outcomes.Įagle syndrome was named after Watt W.Summarize the treatment options for eagle syndrome.Review the presentation of Eagle syndrome.Describe the pathophysiology of Eagle syndrome.This activity describes the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of eagle syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients affected by eagle syndrome. This abnormal styloid process interferes with the function of neighboring structures and gives rise to orofacial and cervical pain that are often triggered by neck movements. Eagle syndrome, also known as stylohyoid syndrome, styloid syndrome, or styloid–carotid artery syndrome, is a rare condition caused by an elongated or disfigured styloid process.
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